University Xyz, Phishing, And Legal Aspects - 1463 Words

University XYZ, Phishing, Legal Aspects Since our sponsor university is located in Massachusetts, where there is no direct single state law on anti-phishing. It is important to understand legal phishing definition, and laws applicable if University XYZ faces any phishing attack. In this section, apart from explaining federal statute and related punishment for phishing attack, details are given on government agencies that University XYZ can approach for phishing attack investigation. In legal terms, phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity through an electronic communication. First Anti-Phishing Act was drafted in 2005 to regulate phishing attacks, which did not passed. However it†¦show more content†¦Other frequently used strategy is where attacker targets a specific group of audience to make the scam more real, and send email to trigger to immediate response. Above discussed two strategies comes under active phishing method. Third strategy is more like a passive method where attacker creates a website looking similar to legitimate, and wait for victims that likely to trap when seeking the real website. In this case attacker did not send any email to trigger any immediate response from victims. Many phishing scams registered that caused thousands of dollars loss to victims. Although phishing is common tactics used by criminals, there is no single federal statute that directly criminalizes phishing. Realizing this, many states have drafted law that specifically address phishing. California was first to implement state ant-phishing law 2005. Below we explain which different U.S. federal statues are applicable to cover lawsuits against phishing attacks. U.S. Federal Criminal Statutes applicable for Phishing Even though not all states have anti-phishing law, this issue is covered under many other laws related to computers and internet. Similarly, phishing is addressed in federal statute under following laws: - Identity Theft – 18 U.S.C. 1028(a)(7): Under this section, knowingly unlawfully possessing or transferring somebody’s means of identification with the

The Holocaust Was The Systematic, Bureaucratic, And...

1.1 Background The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, and deliberate persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime. It is a word of Greek origin and means â€Å"sacrifice by fire† †¨Shortly after Adolf Hitler gained power in the Third Reich, he began to implement horrific measures designed to disempower the German Jews from economic and social positions. Life for the Jews became increasingly worse when the onset of WWII came along in 1939. The Germans began to strip the Jews of their lives, and began deporting (or resettling as the public believed) them to the East to Ghettos and later to concentration and extermination camps. At the camps, the Germans either worked the Jews to death or gassed them in massive gas chambers, then destroyed the evidence by burning the copious amounts of bodies at a time in the colossal crematoriums. †¨During the six years of the War, there were around 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children that were murdered by the Nazis, and around two million other â€Å"undesirables† also exterminated. Hitlers annihilation of the Jews killed one third of the Jewish world population, and two thirds of the European Jewish population. 1.2 Treatment of the Jews The Jewish people in Germany never were treated with the same respect and kindness as those not of Jewish descent. The Germans anti-Semitic ways date a long way back in history, however it was Hitler’s leadership and power that enforced horrific anti Semitic actions throughoutShow MoreRelatedHolocaust Genocide Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesGenocide, the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic, or nation. This heinous vocabulary term did not exist until the year of 1944 around the time of the holocaust. A Polish Jewish lawyer by the name of Raphael Lemkin created the term in his infamous book, Lemkin on Genocide. Geno- meaning race or tribe from the Greek language, and -cide meaning killing in Latin. He was the man who gave the crime without a title an actual name. (Lemkin, p.g 2) ThusRead MoreGenocide: A Historical Perspective Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Dictionary.com Genocide is the â€Å"deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† A few notable examples of genocide would be the War in Darfur, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Holocaust which are all among some of the worst genocides of the 20th century. The situation in Darfur is in part still going on today, while the Holocaust and Rwandan genocide are now a serious part of our world’s history. Each of these three genocides occurred due toRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageslate twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and

Essay on Social Networking Sites Free Essays

Essay on Social Networking Sites Social networking sites peaked the year 2007. These sites encouraged online social connections. Early sites such as SixDegrees. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Social Networking Sites or any similar topic only for you Order Now com and Friendster allowed people to manage a list of friends. One drawback to these sites was that they did not offer users the ability to publish content like blogs. Social networking sites begin with a group of founders sending out messages to friends to join the network. In turn the friends send out messages to their friends, and the network grows. When members join the network, they create a profile. Depending on the site, users can customize their profile to reflect their interests. They also begin to have contact with friends, acquaintances, and strangers. Founded in 2002, Friendster used the model of friends inviting friends to join in order to grow its network. It quickly signed on millions of users. Unfortunately, as the site grew larger, technical issues surfaced. Painfully slow servers made it difficult for users to move around the site. Additionally, management enforced strict policies on fake profiles. These false profiles, or â€Å"fakesters,† as they were known, were deleted by the site. This approach turned off users. Eventually, Friendster began to lose members in the United States. Fellow networking site SixDegrees. com closed its doors after the dot-com bust in 2000. Within a few years, these early social networking sites found their popularity declining. At the same time, a new social networking site called MySpace was beginning to take off. THE RISE OF MYSPACE MySpace brought together the social features of networking sites and the publishing capabilities of blogs. The combination of the two tools struck a home run with teens. Young people were looking for a more social way to blog. MySpace provided the solution. In 2003 Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe launched MySpace in Santa Monica, California. As music fans, the pair designed the site as a place to promote local music acts. They also wanted to be able to connect with other fans and friends. On MySpace, users created a Web page with a personal profile. Then they invited other users to become their friends. According to DeWolfe, the bands were a great marketing tool in the beginning. He said: â€Å"All these creative people became ambassadors for MySpace by using us as their de facto promotional platform. People like to talk about music, so the bands set up a natural environment to communicate. â€Å"1 Anderson and DeWolfe were determined to keep MySpace an open site. Anyone could join the community, browse profiles, and post whatever they wanted. User control was one of their founding principles. It also made initial financing hard to find. According to Anderson: â€Å"We’d get calls from investor types who wanted to meet us. They would say ‘Your site isn’t professional. Why do you let users control the pages? They’re so ugly! ‘†2 In the meantime MySpace continued to sign people up. Teens and young adults loved the site. They flocked to create their own profiles. The ability to customize pages, load music, and share videos added to the MySpace appeal. Unlike other early social networking sites, MySpace gave users a media-rich experience. Users could express themselves on their Web page by adding music and video clips. At the same time, they could socialize with friends. MySpace made social contact easier with tools such as e-mail, comment posts, chat rooms, buddy lists, discussion boards, and instant messaging. MySpace brought together the ability to express oneself and to socialize in one place. The timing was perfect. Over the next two years, MySpace grew at a tremendous pace. The site’s success brought attention from investors. Rupert Murdoch, famous for his media empire, wanted to buy MySpace. Murdoch had interests in television, film, newspapers, publishing, and the Internet. In 2005 Murdoch purchased MySpace for an amazing $580 million. By early 2008 MySpace had grown to a mind-blowing 110 million active users. It signed an average of thirty thousand people up every day. One in four Americans was on MySpace. The Web site had become the giant among social networking sites. It was the most trafficked site on the Internet. MySpace’s influence traveled outside of the United States. The company built a local presence in over twenty international territories. MySpace could be found in places such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and Latin America. In a few short years, MySpace had become a worldwide cultural phenomenon. SOCIAL NETWORKING BEYOND MYSPACE The success of MySpace in the social networking arena spurred the development and redesign of many other online social networks. Some sites appealed to a general audience. Others, such as Black Planet, LinkedIn, and MyChurch, sought to serve a niche market. Facebook was one site that emerged as an alternative to MySpace. In February 2004 Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched Facebook. The site began as a closed network for college students. Closed networks only allow users to join if they meet certain criteria. In contrast, sites such as MySpace and Friendster were open social networking sites. Anyone could sign up for an account. Open and closed social networks have advantages and disadvantages. Open networks foster interaction between adults and teens. Parents can check up on their teen’s profile and decide if they are comfortable with their child’s online image. On the other hand, open access means that profiles are completely public and can attract unwanted attention. Closed networks are generally smaller. As such, there is a greater chance a user will know other members both online and offline. But a closed network blocks parents from reading their teen or college student’s profile. Being closed also limits a social network’s ability to grow and attract new users. As a closed college network, Facebook grew by adding more colleges to its network. By the end of 2004, Facebook had almost 1 million active users. As Facebook’s popularity grew, it expanded beyond colleges to high school and international school users. At this point, however, the site was still restricted to a limited pool of student users. In 2006 Facebook made a pivotal decision. It opened the network to the general public, expanding beyond its original student base. By May 2008 Facebook boasted over 70 million active users. At that time, it was the second-most trafficked social networking site behind MySpace and the sixth-most trafficked site on the Web. As an alternative to MySpace, Facebook’s social network gained popularity with business professionals and colleagues. Facebook’s purpose was to help users connect online with people that they already knew offline. Unlike the wild-looking pages found on MySpace, Facebook promoted a clean, orderly online experience. VIDEO- AND PHOTO-SHARING SITES Online social networking evolved into a full multimedia experience with the arrival of video- and photo-sharing Web sites. Users could upload visual content to share with friends and other users. Photo-sharing sites such as Flickr enabled users to transfer digital photos online to share with others. Users decided whether to share their photos publicly or limit access to private groups. Users could also use the site’s features to organize and store pictures and video. One of the most popular video-sharing Web sites was YouTube. The site, founded in 2005, used Adobe Flash technology to display clips from movies and television, music videos, and video blogs. Users could upload, share, and view video clip topics from the latest movies to funny moments captured on film. Not everyone wanted to create a profile, write a blog, or upload pictures and video. Other social networking tools allowed these users to participate online. E-mails sent messages to a friend’s electronic mailbox. Instant messaging was a real-time conversation between two people online at the same time. Comment posting allowed users to interact and talk about a friend’s blog, profile, or pictures. Even online gaming was a form of social networking, allowing players to meet other people with similar interests online. WHY IS ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING SO POPULAR? The popularity of online social networking has prompted researchers to explore the similarities between online social networks and tribal societies. According to Lance Strate, a communications professor at Fordham University, social networks appeal to people because they feel more like talking than writing. â€Å"Orality is the base of all human experience,† said Strate. â€Å"We evolved with speech. We didn’t evolve with writing. â€Å"3 Irwin Chen, an instructor at Parsons design school, is developing a new course to explore oral culture online. He agrees with Strate. â€Å"Orality is participatory, interactive, communal and focused on the present,† he says. â€Å"The Web is all of these things. â€Å"4 Michael Wesch teaches cultural anthropology at Kansas State University. He studied how people form social relationships while living with a tribe in Papua New Guinea. He compared the tribe to online social networking. â€Å"In tribal cultures, your identity is completely wrapped up in the question of how people know you,† he said. â€Å"When you look at Facebook, you can see the same pattern at work: people projecting their identities by demonstrating their relationships to each other. You define yourself in terms of who your friends are. â€Å"5 Despite the connections between social networks and tribal cultures, significant differences exist. In tribal societies relationships form through face-to-face contact. Social networks allow users to hide behind a computer screen. Tribal societies embrace formal rituals. Social networks value a casual approach to relationships. Millions of people across the world have joined online social networks. Perhaps their popularity stems from our innate desire to be part of a community. According to Strate, social networking â€Å"fulfills our need to be recognized as human beings, and as members of a community. We all want to be told: You exist. â€Å"6 How to cite Essay on Social Networking Sites, Essay examples

Negotiation Reflection Robotics and Autonomous Systems

Question: Discuss abot theNegotiation Reflection for Robotics and Autonomous Systems. Answer: Introduction I have learned that negotiation is an important part of our everyday life. By partaking this course, I have realized that it is exciting, educative as well as less scary as I had ever imagined. This is largely due to the essence of negotiations, a I slowly discover, is not only about obtaining what I need from other, but the optimization of the interests of every parties to the negotiation besides reaching an agreement which cannot be reached by the alternatives. Therefore, I have learned about the need to discuss alternatives as well as compromise is sometimes is essential for the long-tern benefits (Faratin, Sierra Jennings, 1998). I have realized that negotiation differ in terms of the context whereby in some situations, it focuses on general issues and undertake a discussion of interests in implicit terms and with no fixed timetable. However, I have realized that negotiation theory anchored on interest-oriented western style negotiations becomes helpful to me. It has made me build up practical techniques and tactics as well as draw me to a much more comprehensive perspective. This negotiation has helped me become more confident as I have a flexible but efficient mechanism to reach an agreement stage by stage. Discussion Emotions and Negotiation Details in negotiation context like the authority of individual party, the emotions as well as the particular communication questions imminent in my mind. My fundamental strategy following this negotiation are; know the shared interest between the parties by ensuring that I have BATNA in places well as maintaining relationships (Pruitt Carnevale, 1993). It has impressed me where Professor Field ushered the idea or notion of the parties as well as explicated why additional parties are engaged in the negotiation than the people who eventually sit on a table. The hidden parties to a negotiation besides their respective interest could have happened to me, however, it is the initial time I precisely figure out the delicacy of the relationships as well as common interests among these parties and their impacts on guiding and shifting the strategies of the negotiators. A single party to a negotiation might be appeal for the interest of many parties. Empathy, Power and Negotiation I have also come to appreciate the relationship between empathy and power in a negotiation. From this negotiation, I have learned about the significant role that empathy before BATNA in terms of its ability to have power in a negotiation. My way of thinking has been transformed by this realization. Right from my tender age, I understood as well as acknowledged empathy as well as the tenet by Confucius that calls on people to do to other people what they would exact wish others to do to them. Nevertheless, I had casted serious doubts about how the feeling could contribute to the process of negotiation other than demonstrating understanding and compassion. The interest-oriented negotiation theories, nevertheless, pointed out a minimum of two mechanisms to get a solution to the dilemma attached to empathy. Accordingly, I have learned the need to usher in a third party to become an objective standard of evaluation. The other method is to figure out a creative and innovative plan to escap e being trapped by the argument anchored on positions. I have realized that a circle chart is crucial at this point since the diagnosis of delineates the interest of the other negotiation parties as well as arouses empathic feeling when reaching alternatives. By ushering in a third party besides the using the innovative plan which are both anchored on the ability to distinguish individuals from issues as well as from interest that is inevitable without or solely with empathy. In many context, because it is impossible for negotiation to occur without parties are thinking of the potential to achieving mutual gains, parties to negotiation already come with particular voices and power. Maintenance of relationships might be a common wisdom of both Western and Eastern negotiations styles. Nevertheless, I have a strong feeling that interest-oriented negotiations stress it more. I have subsequently began to value the open-discussion besides trust between the parties to negotiation. Even though I have been brought up in manner that discourages trusting people and communicating with them freely and openly unless I had created personal relationships, going through this negotiation has helped me changed this view. This is because I have come to realize that such perceptions bears enormous risks of misperception as well as miscommunication that derails reaching agreements. I have come to appreciate that fact that negotiation is all about fixing a problem together rather than winning as much as interest that a party to a negotiation can. Negotiation in this sense needs not transient trust such as transaction, but a long-term mutual relationships since many negotiators like do meet recurrently. I am, therefore, a strong believer that negotiation anchored on the interest is applicable to every level of communication. This can range from everyday life, business matters as well as international affairs. In this respect, I tend to perceive the globe via the lens of negotiation presently, and the fragile, complex circumstances usually turn out to be no more than a combination of interest. Accordingly, my faith has been the basis for my increased level of confidence to speak to challenges with such context. Integrative Strategies I have also appreciated the use of integrative strategies or creative value to when negotiating. These strategies have enabled me to undertake effective negotiations for this whole process. I realized the need to go for a win-win bargaining strategy and this was built from having the negotiation focused on the identification of the different interest of the parties. Multiple Offers The use of multiple offers of equal values have also been useful in my negotiation process. As I have explained in the above discussion, I have been able to perform better in this negotiation process as a result of my ability to use multiple offers availed by BATNA framework. By availing these offers, there was a flexible platform created that one can choose from than being rigid and stagnant at one particular offer. What I did wrong Nevertheless, despite my strengths in negotiation as reflected in the discussion above, there are I feel I would have done much better. In this respect, I feel I would have done much better by outlining some of the stage by stage process in negotiation. I think by having a structured negotiation and outline every agendum for discussion, I would have been able to reach an agreement at a much shorter time than the one in this case. This is because I would have always remained within the topic without bringing out other stories or issues that only were counterproductive (Core et al., 2006). I also feel it would have been much better for me to give room for more offers than the ones I gave. Having more offers in a negotiation is analogous to flexibility. Rigidity in negotiation is never wanted and hence those people who give less offers in a negotiation always do disgrace to their process of reaching an agreement. Therefore, I feel I limited myself to a much more confined alternatives than it ought to have bene. Key Learning From my negotiation I have come to learn of many things. The first one is how to upgrade my skills of presentation. In this case, I have learned the preparations remains very crucial to my various past internships as a reporter as well as company market coordinator. I used to grab the advantage of certain complex templates thereby displaying my personal as well as organizational information of potential interviewees once I read tons of materials, that I feel remained informative, though not acknowledged. However, the nine element patterns makes the superficial information increasingly correlative as well as uncover to me that priority of the interest in a much precise manner. The day I was studying the Harborco materials, I was able to analytically outline the parties, interest, issues as well as options and concurrently take notes of how I could argue in diverse circumstances. I have realized that the multiparty negotiation has depended my understanding regarding the roles of several parties roles, especially successful negotiation. A multiparty context hosts mote personalities, power imbalances besides unpredictable results. Moreover, it needs distinct strategies than with on-to-one negotiations. I need coalitions as the stepping stone for the eventual agreement. Because the initial several parties are probably to already reach a preamble consensus as well as to protect which, parties to the negotiation will make attempts to persuade at their best the remaining temporary excluded parties to join their team. I have also realized that it is an advantageous to have a coalitions during negotiation since it presents a lucrative ability to speak straightly or indirectly to the parties that have opposing interests, with the assistance of coalition members who have lose relations as well as interacted interests. I have realized that the multiparty negotiation depends on the coalitions and it is dictated by the power structure compared to dyadic negotiation skills. Therefore, less rigid tactics are required and this imply that sometimes, negotiations must be more assertive as well as lenient at times. Nevertheless, all the benefits of negotiation coalitions are anchored on the accurate grasp of the bottom-line as well as real interests of the parties. Therefore, I have realized that any misunderstanding of the partys interests and intentions is important reason for the failure of the other party to establish alliance. Therefore, this makes me appreciate the need to remain attentive and focused during the entire period of negotiation. Moreover, I have come to appreciate the need ensure that the structure of each of party to a negotiation is appreciated by the other party since ignoring such structures would mean that some party can make gains at the expense of others. I have acknowledged the need to have BATNA in place every time I intend to negotiate. The distinction between opinion and BATNA needs to be distinct effectively. There distinction lies in whether the parties to a negotiations require permission of their colleagues from other parties for the implementation of options. Even though negotiators desire never to turn to options to some level, BATNA is helpful for two main reasons. One of the reasons is that BATNA offers the back-up option which link the negotiations stress as well as sets a precise bottom-line that enables effective comparison with all the rest of the alternatives. On the other hand, the second reason is that opponents and coalitions of negotiations could be willing to compromise additionally, provided that the negotiator might opt for an option plan that would be the nastiest resolution. The alternative possibilities have potential to boost the pursuit for interest and hence any uncertainty of BATNA in my negotiation is a reminder of the barrier strategy in the negotiation process (Lewicki, Barry Saunders, 2011). Conclusion All in all, I feel I deserve some congratulatory comments based on my performance in this process of negotiation. I was able to separate issues from interest more easily and embark on giving alternative offers which painted me a flexible person. Moreover, the use of BATNA and empathy in this negotiation by myself should be appreciated. I was also able to use integrative approach to negotiation that helped easily navigate through the whole process of this negotiation. Moreover, I have a strong feeling that the lessons I have learned from this process have improved my personal and professional development. References Core, M., Traum, D., Lane, H. C., Swartout, W., Gratch, J., Van Lent, M., Marsella, S. (2006). Teaching negotiation skills through practice and reflection with virtual humans. Simulation, 82(11), 685-701. Faratin, P., Sierra, C., Jennings, N. R. (1998). Negotiation decision functions for autonomous agents. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 24(3), 159-182. Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., Saunders, D. M. (2011). Essentials of negotiation. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Pruitt, D. G., Carnevale, P. J. (1993). Negotiation in social conflict. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.